Zdjecie pracownika

prof. dr hab.

Leszek Rychlik

pokój: F1.57

telefon: 57-51

e-mail: leszek.rychlik@amu.edu.pl

 

Moje zainteresowania badawcze dotyczą ekologii behawioralnej i ewolucyjnej zwierząt (konkurencja wewnątrz- i międzygatunkowa, rozdział nisz ekologicznych, organizacja socjalna, behawior żerowania, strategie zimowania, strategie energetyczne, cechy osobowościowe, adaptacje do nadrzewnego trybu życia) oraz ich pasożytów. Brałem też udział w badaniach nad zależnościami między masowym owocowaniem drzew, liczebnością gryzoni i regeneracją lasu oraz monitorowaniu zmian w rozmieszczeniu małych ssaków w Polsce. Badania prowadzę głównie na małych ssakach (ryjówkowate, gryzonie, akrobatki), ale także na kręgowcach większych (jenoty, leniwce) lub z innych gromad (płazy), badając m.in. ich ekologię, strategie unikania drapieżników i przystosowania do nadrzewnego trybu życia. Aktualnie prowadzę badania dotyczące: (1) rozdziału nisz ekologicznych wśród małych ssaków, (2) zmienności morfologicznej, genetycznej i behawioralnej ryjówkowatych w Europie, (3) właściwości i funkcji jadu rzęsorków i toksyn ropuch, (4) zależności między strategiami metabolicznymi a cechami osobowości (personality traits) u ryjówkowatych i (5) roli torporu, termoregulacji socjalnej i baskingu w strategiach energetycznych ryjówkowatych. Rozpocząłem też badania nad (6) interakcjami między grzybami endofitycznymi, trawami i zjadającymi je gryzoniami oraz (7) wpływem metali ciężkich i toksyn na zachowanie i kondycję ryjówek.

 

Publikacje

2024

  • Jędryczko B. & RYCHLIK L. (2023): Zróżnicowanie behawioru zabawy wśród ssaków. Kosmos 72(3): 309–332. doi: 10.36921/kos.2023_2920
  • Piórkowska K., Jankowiak Ł., Modelska Z., Hoffmann A., Kuzdrowska K., Malinowska B., Sęk O. & Rychlik L. (2023): How quickly do invasive raccoons learn to steal bait? Lesson from disturbed small mammal trapping. Polish Journal of Ecology 71: 95–99. doi: 10.3161/15052249PJE2023.71.2.005

2023

  • Karbowiak G., Stanko M., Smahol K., Werszko J. & RYCHLIK L. (2023): Parasitic arthropods of Soricinae shrews in north-eastern Poland. Animals 13(18), 2960. doi: 10.3390/ani13182960
  • Kowalski K., Marciniak P. & RYCHLIK L. (2023): Proteins from toad’s parotoid macroglands: do they play a role in gland functioning and chemical defence? Frontiers in Zoology 20: 21. doi: 10.1186/s12983-023-00499-8
  • Karbowiak G., Stanko M., RYCHLIK L., Werszko J. (2023 online): An annotated checklist of arthropods associated with the root vole Microtus oeconomus. Biologia. doi: 10.1007/s11756-023-01433-3
  • Hoffmann A., Jankowiak Ł., Modelska Z., Piórkowska K., Decher J., Jentke T., Klappert A., Kuzdrowska K., Malinowska B., Sęk O. & RYCHLIK L. (2022): Diversität von Kleinsäugern im nördlichen Teil des Nationalparks Unteres Odertal [Diversity of small mammals in the northern part of the Lower Oder Valley National Park]. In: VÖSSING A. (Hrsg.) Nationalpark-Jahrbuch Unteres Odertal 19: 37-45, Nationalparkstiftung Unteres Odertal, Schwedt/O. doi: 10.7479/4ecn-p630
  • Kikuchi F., Arai S., Hejduk J., Hayashi A., Markowski J., Markowski M., RYCHLIK L., Khodzinskyi V., Kamiya H., Mizutani T., Suzuki M., Sikorska B., Liberski P. P. & Yanagihara R. (2023): Phylogeography of shrew- and mole-borne hantaviruses in Poland and Ukraine. Viruses 15(4), 881. doi: 10.3390/v15040881
  • Sęk O., Al Belbeisi R. & Rychlik L. (2023): Differentiation of activity rhythms and space use between two competing water shrew species in a laboratory experiment. Mammal Research 68(3): 427–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-023-00675-5

2022

  • Popiel P., Rychlik L. 2022. Zróżnicowanie sposobów porozumiewania się ssaków. Kosmos 71(2): 59-91. doi: 10.36921/kos.2022_2845
  • Popiel P. & RYCHLIK L. (2022): Zróżnicowanie sposobów porozumiewania się ssaków. Kosmos 71(2): 59-91. doi: 10.36921/kos.2022_2845
  • Kowalski K., Marciniak P. & RYCHLIK L. (2022): A new, widespread venomous mammal species: Hemolytic activity of Sorex araneus venom is similar to that of Neomys fodiens venom. Zoological Letters 8:7. doi: 10.1186/s40851-022-00191-5.
  • Karbowiak G., Stanko M., RYCHLIK L., Werszko J. (2022): Communities of ectoparasitic arthropods associated with the root vole Microtus oeconomus in north-eastern Poland. Biologia 77(6): 1661–1666. doi: 10.1007/s11756-021-00893-9
  • von Merten S., Oliveira F. G., Tapisso J. T., Pustelnik A., Mathias M. L. & RYCHLIK L. (2022): Urban populations of shrews show larger behavioural differences among individuals than rural populations. Animal Behaviour 187: 35-46. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.02.012
  • Oliveira F. G., Tapisso J. T., Afonso B., Pereira J., Neves T., von Merten S., Mathias M. L., RYCHLIK L. (2022): Dissimilar use of an external heat source for thermoregulation by shrews from different geographic regions. Journal of Thermal Biology 104, 103193. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103193

2021

  • Decher J., Bakarr I., Hoffmann A., Jentke T., Klappert A., Kowalski G., Kuzdrowska K., Malinowska B. & RYCHLIK L. (2021): Aktualisierung unserer Kenntnisse über die Kleinsäugergemeinschaften im Nationalpark Unteres Odertal [Update of our knowledge of small mammal communities in the Lower Oder Valley National Park]. Nationalpark-Jahrbuch Unteres Odertal 18: 145-150.
  • Oliveira F. G., Monarca R. I., RYCHLIK L., Mathias M. L., Tapisso J. T. (2021): Social thermoregulation in Mediterranean greater white-toothed shrews (Crocidura russula). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 75: 147. doi: 10.1007/s00265-021-03072-7
  • Bartkowska K., Turlejski K., Tepper B., RYCHLIK L., Vogel P. & Djavadian R. (2021). Effects of brain size on adult neurogenesis in shrews. International Journal of Molecular Science 2021, 22(14), 7664. doi: 10.3390/ijms22147664
  • Kowalski K. & RYCHLIK L. (2021): Venom use in eulipotyphlans: An evolutionary and ecological approach. Toxins 13(3), 231. doi: 10.3390/toxins13030231
  • Oliveira F. G., Tapisso J. T., von Merten S., RYCHLIK L., Fonseca P. J. & Mathias M. L. (2021): Behavioral responses of rural and urban greater white-toothed shrews (Crocidura russula) to sound disturbance. Urban Ecosystems 24(5): 851–862. doi: 10.1007/s11252-020-01079-y

2020

  • RYCHLIK L., Eichert U. & Kowalski K. (2020). Diversity of small mammal assemblages in natural forests and other habitats of the Słowiński National Park, northern Poland - preliminary results. Nationalpark-Jahrbuch Unteres Odertal 2020(3): 66-71.
  • Oliveira F. G., Mathias M. L., RYCHLIK L., Tapisso J. T. & von Merten S. (2020): Metabolic and behavioral adaptations of greater white-toothed shrews to urban conditions. Behavioral Ecology 31(6): 1334–1343. doi: 10.1093/beheco/araa088
  • RYCHLIK L. (2020): Rząd: Owadożery - Eulipotyphla. [W: Zoologia. Tom 3, część 3 „Ssaki”. C. Błaszak, red.]. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa: 190-235.
  • Kowalski K., Marciniak P. & RYCHLIK L. (2020): Individual variation in cardiotoxicity of parotoid secretion of the common toad, Bufo bufo, depends on body size – first results. Zoology 142: 125822. doi: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125822
  • von Merten S., Dingemanse N. J., Mathias M. L. & RYCHLIK L. (2020): Individual behavior, behavioral stability, and pace-of-life within and among five shrew species. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 74:15. doi: 10.1007/s00265-019-2793-6
  • Kamenišťák J., Baláž I., Tulis F., Jakab I., Ševčík M., Poláčiková Z., Klimant P., Ambros M. & RYCHLIK L. (2020): Changes of small mammal communities with the altitude gradient. Biologia 75: 713–722. doi: 10.2478/s11756-019-00339-3

2019

  • Karbowiak G., Miklisová D., Stanko M., Werszko J., Hajdul-Marwicz M., Szewczyk T. & RYCHLIK L. (2019): The competition between immatures of Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) ticks for rodent hosts. Journal of Medical Entomology 56(2): 448–452. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjy188

2018

  • Kowalski K., Marciniak P., Rosiński G., RYCHLIK L. 2018. Toxic activity and protein identification from the parotoid gland secretion of the common toad Bufo bufo. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C. 205, 43-52.
  • Kowalski K., Sawościanik O., RYCHLIK L. 2018. Do bufonids employ different anti-predatory behaviours than ranids? Copeia. 106/1, 120-129.
  • Kowalski K., RYCHLIK L. 2018. The role of venom in the hunting and hoarding of prey differing in body size by the Eurasian water shrew, Neomys fodiens. Journal of Mammalogy. 99/2, 351-362.
  • Kolenda K., Przybył M., Piłacińska B., RYCHLIK L. 2018. Survey of discarded bottles as an effective method in detection of small mammal diversity. Polish Journal of Ecology. 66/1, 57?63.
  • Karantanis N.-E., RYCHLIK L., Herrel A., Youlatos D. 2018. Vertical locomotion in Micromys minutus (Rodentia: Muridae): insights into the evolution of eutherian climbing. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 25/2, 277-289.
  • Zwolak R., Witczuk J., Bogdziewicz M., RYCHLIK L., Pagacz S. 2018. Simultaneous population fluctuations of rodents in montane forests and alpine meadows suggest indirect effects of tree masting. Journal of Mammalogy. 99/3, 586-595.
  • Youlatos D., Moussa D., Karantanis N.-E., RYCHLIK L. 2018. Locomotion, postures, substrate use, and foot grasping in the marsupial feathertail glider Acrobates pygmaeus (Diprotodontia, Acrobatidae): Insights into early euprimate evolution. Journal of Human Evolution. 123, 148-159.
  • Granatosky M. C., Karantanis N.-E., RYCHLIK L., Youlatos D. 2018. A suspensory way of life: Integrating locomotion, postures, limb movements, and forces in two-toed sloths Choloepus didactylus (Megalonychidae, Folivora, Pilosa). Journal of Experimental Zoology A. 329/10, 570-588.

2017

  • Karantanis N.-E., RYCHLIK L., Herrel A., Youlatos D. 2017. Arboreal gaits in three sympatric rodents Apodemus agrarius, Apodemus flavicollis (Rodentia, Muridae) and Myodes glareolus (Rodentia, Cricetidae). Mammalian Biology. 83, 51-63.
  • von Merten S., Zwolak R., RYCHLIK L. 2017. Social personality: a more social shrew species exhibits stronger differences in personality types. Animal Behaviour. 127, 125-134.
  • Karantanis N.-E., RYCHLIK L., Herrel A., Youlatos D. 2017. Arboreal locomotion in Eurasian harvest mice Micromys minutus (Rodentia: Muridae): The gaits of small mammals. Journal of Experimental Zoology. 327A, 38-52.
  • Karantanis N.-E., RYCHLIK L., Herrel A., Youlatos D. 2017. Arboreality in acacia rats (Thallomys paedulcus; Rodentia, Muridae): gaits and gait metrics. Journal of Zoology. 302/2, 107-119.
  • Kowalski K., Marciniak P., Rosiński G., RYCHLIK L. 2017. Evaluation of the physiological activity of the venom from the Eurasian water shrew Neomys fodiens. Frontiers in Zoology. 14, 46.
  • Karantanis N.-E., RYCHLIK L., Herrel A., Youlatos D. 2017. Comparing the arboreal gaits of Muscardinus avellanarius and Glis glis (Gliridae, Rodentia): a first quantitative analysis. Mammal Study. 42/3, 161-172.

2016

  • Bogdziewicz M., Zwolak R., Redosh L., Rychlik L., Crone E.E. 2016. Negative effects of density on space use of small mammals differ with the phase of the masting-induced population cycle. Ecology and Evolution. 6/23, 8423-8430.
  • Zwolak R., Bogdziewicz M., Rychlik L. 2016. Beech masting modifies the response of rodents to forest management. Forest Ecology and Management. 359, 268-276.
  • Karbowiak G., Biernat B., Werszko J., RYCHLIK L. 2016. The transstadial persistence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks in natural conditions. Acta Parasitologica. 61/1, 201-203.

2015

  • Karantanis N.-E., Youlatos D., RYCHLIK L. 2015. Diagonal gaits in the feathertail glider Acrobates pygmaeus (Diprotodontia, Metatheria): insights for the evolution of primate quadrupedalism. Journal of Human Evolution. 86, 43-54.
  • Kowalski K., Bogdziewicz M., Eichert U., Rychlik L. 2015. Sex differences in flea infections among rodent hosts: is there a male bias? Parasitology Research, 114, 337-341. 2.852

2014

  • Kowalski, K., Eichert, U., Bogdziewicz, M., & Rychlik, L. (2014). Differentiation of flea communities infesting small mammals across selected habitats of the Baltic coast, central lowlands, and southern mountains of Poland. Parasitology research, 113(5), 1725-1734
  • Kowalski K., Rychlik L. 2014. Jadowite ssaki. Kosmos. 63/4, 643-655.

2013

  • Taylor J.R.E., RYCHLIK L., Churchfield S. 2013. Winter reduction in body mass in a very small, non-hibernating mammal: consequences for heat loss and metabolic rates. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 86/1, 9-18..
  • Tapisso J., Ramalhinho M.G., da Luz Mathias M., RYCHLIK L. 2013. Ecological release: swimming and diving behaviour of an allopatric population of the Mediterranean water shrew. Journal of Mammalogy. 94/1, 29-39.

2012

  • Churchfield S., RYCHLIK L., Taylor J.R.E. 2012. Food resources and foraging habits of the common shrew, Sorex araneus: does winter food shortage explain Dehnel?s phenomenon? Oikos. 121, 1593-1602. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20462.x.
  • RYCHLIK L., Churchfield S., Taylor J.R.E., Kardynia P., Ołdakowski Ł. 2012. Live-trapping small mammals under snow: a protocol for maximising captures and minimising mortality. Polish Journal of Ecology. 60/3, 621-628.
  • RYCHLIK L., Stachowiak A., Nowak U., Kardynia P. 2012. A northern refugium of the Mediterranean water shrew Neomys anomalus in Słowiński National Park (N Poland). Biological Letters. 49/1, 121-129.

2011

  • Okarma H., Bogdanowicz W., RYCHLIK L., Szuma E. 2011. Atlas ssaków Polski. Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą. 67/1, 21-26.
  • Osten-Sacken N., RYCHLIK L. 2011. Diät vom Marderhund (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Westpolen - erste Ergebnisse. Populationsökologie von Raubsäugerarten. M. Stubbe. Gesellschaft für Wildtier- und Jagdforschung e.V., Beiträge zur Jagd- und Wildforschung 36: 171-180.
  • Osten-Sacken N., RYCHLIK L. 2011. Erste Ergebnisse radiotelemetrischer Untersuchungen zur Raumnutzung von Marderhund (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Westpolen. Populationsökologie von Raubsäugerarten. M. Stubbe. Gesellschaft für Wildtier- und Jagdforschung e.V., Beiträge zur Jagd- und Wildforschung 36: 181-189.

2010

  • Rychlik, L., Ruczyński, I., & Borowski, Z. (2010). Radiotelemetry applied to field studies of shrews. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 74(6), 1335-1342.

2009

  • Osten-Sacken N., Rychlik L. 2009. Differentation of habitat and temporal niches among small mammals co-existing in the National Park "Ujście Warty", western Poland. [In: Programme and abstracts of the 5th "Ecology & Behaviour" Meeting, Lyon, 6th-10th April 2009]. Société Écologique a Responsabilité Limitée, Lyon.
  • Mendes-Soares, H., & Rychlik, L. (2009). Differences in swimming and diving abilities between two sympatric species of water shrews: Neomys anomalus and Neomys fodiens (Soricidae). Journal of ethology, 27(3), 317-325.

2008

  • Osten-Sacken N., Rychlik L. 2008. Marderhund und Waschbaer als Gefahr fuer die einheimische Fauna - Einfuehrungsuntersuchungen. , 'International conference "Einwandernde Tierarten - wie sind wir darauf vorbereitet?", Schwedt/OT Criewen, Germany, 16-17 October 2008, 7-8, Branderburgische Akademie "Schloss Criewen", Schwedt/OT Criewen in German
  • Osten-Sacken N., Pastok D., Rychlik L. 2008. The raccoon dog and the raccoon as threats for the native prey fauna in western Poland - the study project and first results on the prey fauna. 20-21. International conference "Protection of free-living mammal populations in Central and Eastern Europe". Programme and summaries. L. Rychlik, ed. Faculty of Biology, AMU, Poznań, 26-28.09.2008, Faculty of Biology, AMU, Poznań', invasive species, vative species, biodiversity, protection , western Poland

2006

  • Rychlik L., Zwolak R. 2006. Interspecific behavioural domination among four sympatric species of shrews. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 84/3, 434-448
  • Churchfield S., Rychlik L., Yavrouyan E., Turlejski K. 2006. First results on the feeding ecology of the Transcaucasian water shrew Neomys teres (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from Armenia. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 84/12, 1853-1858.
  • Rychlik L., Ramalhinho M.G., Polly D. 2006. Response to environmental factors and competition: skull, mandible and tooth shapes in Polish water shrews (Neomys, Soricidae, Mammalia). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 44/4, 339-351.
  • Churchfield S., Rychlik L. 2006. Diets and coexistence in Neomys and Sorex shrews in Białowieża forest, eastern Poland. Journal of Zoology. 269/3, 381-390.

2005

  • Rychlik, L., & Zwolak, R. (2005). Behavioural mechanisms of conflict avoidance among shrews. Acta Theriologica, 50(3), 289-308.
  • Karbowiak G., Wita I., Rychlik L. 2005. Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) ornata sp. n. a parasite of the Eurasian water shrew Neomys fodiens (Pennant, 1771). Acta Protozoologica. 44/4, 363-367.
  • Karbowiak G., Rychlik L., Nowakowski W., Wita I. 2005. Natural infections of small mammals with blood parasites on the borderland of boreal and temperate forest zones. Acta Theriologica. 50/1, 31-42.
  • Rychlik L. 2005. Overlap of temporal niches among four sympatric species of shrews. Acta Theriologica. 50/2, 175-188.
  • Rychlik L., Ramalhinho M.G. 2005. Habitat selection of the Mediterranean water shrew (Neomys anomalus) in Portugal. Advances in the biology of the Soricidae II. J.F. Merritt, S. Churchfield, R. Hutterer, B.I. Sheftel. Special Publication 01 of the International Society of Shrew Biologists (ISBB). New York: 241-254. USA.

2004

  • Rychlik L. 2004. Tajemnice rzęsorków. Puszczyk, 9, 6.
  • Zwolak, R., & Rychlik, L. (2004). Does the reduction of locomotor activity serve as an aggression avoidance mechanism in shrews [Soricidae]?. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series Biology, 2(07).
  • Rychlik L. 2004. Konkurencja wśród ryjówek. Eseje o ssakach Puszczy Białowieskiej, Jędrzejewska B., Wójcik J.M. Zakład Badania Ssaków PAN, Białowieża: 161-170. Polska
  • Rychlik L. 2004. Competition and coexistence of shrews. Essays on mammals of Białowieża Forest. Jędrzejewska B., Wójcik J.M. Mammal Research Institute PAS. Białowieża: 161-170. Polska
  • Olkowicz S., Bartkowska K., Rychlik L., Turlejski K. 2004. Apparent scarcity of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in the brain of the pygmy shrew Sorex minutus as revealed by immunocytochemistry. Neuroscience Letters. 368/2, 205-210.

2002

  • Rychlik L., Jancewicz E. 2002. Prey size, prey nutrition, and food handling by shrews of different body sizes. Behavioural Ecology. 13/2, 216-223.

2001

  • Rychlik L. 2001. Habitat preferences of water shrews and root vole coexisting along a stream in Białowieża Forest. Säugetierkundliche Informationen. 5/25, 99-112.

2000

  • Rychlik L. 2000. Habitat preferences of four sympatric species of shrews. Acta Theriologica. 45, Suppl. 1, 173-190.

1999

  • Rychlik L. 1999. Food handling by the gregarious Mediterranean water shrew Neomys anomalus. Folia Zoologica. 48/3, 161-172.
  • Karbowiak G., Stanko M., Rychlik L., Nowakowski W., Siuda K. 1999. The new data about zoonotic reservoir of Babesia microti in small mammals in Poland. Acta Parasitologica. 44/2, 142-144.
  • Rychlik L. 1999. Changes in prey size preferences during successive stages of foraging in the Mediterranean water shrew Neomys anomalus. Behaviour. 136/3, 345-365.

1998

  • Rychlik L. 1998. Evolution of social systems in shrews. [In: Evolution of Shrews. J. M. Wójcik and M. Wolsan, eds]. Mammal Research Institute, Białowieża: 347-406. Polska

1997

  • Rychlik L. 1997. Differences in foraging behaviour between shrews: Neomys anomalus and Neomys fodiens. Acta Theriologica. 42/4, 351-386.

1996

  • Rychlik L. 1996. Systemy socjalne ryjówkowatych. Kosmos. 45/2-3, 561-582.
  • Wójcik J.M., Wójcik A.M., Zalewska H., Rychlik L. 1996. Allozyme differentiation in four sympatric species of European shrews (Soricidae: Mammalia). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 24/4, 291-298.

1995

  • Rychlik L. 1995. Zróżnicowanie sposobów żerowania u dwóch gatunków rzęsorków, Neomys anomalus i N. fodiens. Działalność naukowa PAN. Wybrane zagadnienia, Polska Akademia Nauk, Warszawa: 46. Polska

1994

  • Krushinska N.L., Rychlik L., Pucek Z. 1994. Agonistic interactions between resident and immigrant sympatric water shrews: Neomys fodiens and N. anomalus. Acta Theriologica. 39/3, 227-247.
  • Krushinska N.L., Rychlik L. 1994. Aggressiveness of a Neomys fodiens parous female towards conspecific and N. anomalus intruders. Acta Theriologica. 39/3, 329-332.

1993

  • Jędrzejewski W., Rychlik L., Jędrzejewska B. 1993. Responses of bank voles to odour of seven species of predators: experimental data and their relevance to natural predator-vole relationships. Oikos. 68, 251-257.
  • Krushinska N.L., Rychlik L. 1993. Intra- and interspecific antagonistic behaviour in two sympatric species of water shrews: Neomys fodiens and N. anomalus. Journal of Ethology. 11/1, 11-21.

1991

  • Rychlik L. 1991. 64-ty Walny Zjazd Niemieckiego Towarzystwa Teriologicznego (Osnabruck, 23-27 IX 1990). Przegląd Zoologiczny, 1991, 35, 159-161, in Polish

1990

  • Rychlik L. 1990. Thermal versus tactile stimuli and audible vocalization in rat pups. Journal of Ethology, 8, 69-74.

1989

  • Rychlik L., Korda P. 1989. Nest building activity as thermoprotective maternal behaviour in rats. Acta Theriologica. 34/2, 287-303.